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Reducing numbers of one carnivore species indirectly leads to extinction of others

Reducing numbers of one carnivore species indirectly leads to extinction of others

Friday, March 1, 2013

Previous studies have shown that carnivores can have indirect positive effects on each other, which means that when one species is lost, others could soon follow. A team from the University of Exeter and the University of Bern has now found that reducing the numbers of one species of carnivore can lead to the extinction of others.

Published onlinein the journal Ecology Letters, the study shows that simply reducing the population size of one carnivore can indirectly cause another similar species to become extinct. The research shows that changes in population size, as well as extinction, can create ripple effects across sensitive food webs with far-reaching consequences for many other animals.

The research shows that species could suffer just as much from harm to another species as from being under direct threat themselves. This adds weight to growing evidence that a 'single species' approach to conservation, for example in fisheries management, is misguided. Instead the focus needs to be holistic, encompassing species across an entire ecosystem.

The researchers assembled experimental ecosystems with three species of parasitic wasps, along with the three types of aphids on which each wasp exclusively feeds. They set up four sets of tanks each containing the three aphid and three wasp species and allowed the populations to establish for eight weeks. Over the next 14 weeks (seven insect generations) the researchers removed a proportion of the wasps from three of the sets of tanks every day - one species from each set. The fourth set had no wasps removed.

The team found that the partial removal of one wasp species led indirectly to the extinction of other wasp species. In the absence of one wasp species, the aphid it preyed upon grew in numbers. All three species of aphid feed on the same plant so increased competition for food led to changes in sizes of the aphid populations. However no aphid species went extinct and so the indirect extinctions of the wasps were not the result of extinction of their prey. Rather, it is likely that the wasps that went extinct had difficulty searching for suitable prey among large numbers of unsuitable ones.

Lead researcher Dr Frank van Veen of the University of Exeter's Centre for Ecology and Conservation said: "We have shown that the complex ripple effect of a change in population size across food webs is more sensitive than previously thought and that a reduction in the numbers of one carnivore can lead to the extinction of another carnivore species. We also found evidence that the initial indirect extinction can itself trigger further ones, potentially leading to a cascade of extinctions, like dominoes toppling over."

"The insect system is handy for experimentation but the same principles apply to any ecosystem, from mammals in the Serengeti to the fish in our seas. It clearly shows that we should have an ecosystem-based approach to conservation and to the management of fish stocks and other natural resources."

The research team has recently been awarded a ?470K grant by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to extend this research at a larger scale.

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University of Exeter: http://www.exeter.ac.uk

Thanks to University of Exeter for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127081/Reducing_numbers_of_one_carnivore_species_indirectly_leads_to_extinction_of_others

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Video: Expert on sequester: ?Cuts are not world-ending?

>> likes the cuts. everybody says they didn't want them. but i don't think we can say there was much of an effort to stop them. there is one 11th hour meeting. you've been there. behind closed doors , what happens? was this anything more than political theeter?

>> i do think they spent more time discussing how to deal with the next deadline which is at the end of this month and basically the funding mechanism for government throughout the rest of the fiscal year goes into effect. i think by the time leaders came to the white house yesterday the dye had been cast for several weeks. this is more about how to operate our fiscal situation going forward.

>> there's been a lot of talk about the president trying to get the message out there that he needs a little public outrage to carry this down the path he would like to see. yet, we see him changing the message saying this isn't going to be as dire immediately. how important is that message change to what he's trying to ultimately accomplish and will it work?

>> well, i think what you heard him say there is the cuts are arbitrary. they're dumb. and they will hurt the economy. i do think -- i mean apocalyptic is world ending. i don't think the cuts are world ending. i do think as they are phased in over a matter of weeks that you'll see the pain ratchet up, anything from threatening military readiness to making as much more inconvenient to travel by air, as kristen talked about, federal workers being furloughed. there's no doubt this will have an economic impact and that will be felt around the country.

>> it will be felt. do you think it will bring with it enough of that public outrage or are these cuts, in fact, here to stay?

>> well, i -- i'm going to answer yes to both of those questions. obviously the white house and democrats are betting on ramped up pressures as these cuts are phased in to bring republicans back to the bargaining table. i have to say, i think if you were betting today, it is far more likely that these cuts continue and are -- continue throughout this fiscal year than they are dialed back at this point. i think these cuts were implemented last night are here to stay for quite some time.

>> robert gibbs , nice to see you this morning. thank you.

Source: http://www.today.com/video/today/51016858/

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SpaceX reports problem after Dragon launch

The SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, sending the Dragon capsule on a resupply mission to the International Space Station.

By Alan Boyle, Science Editor, NBC News

SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket blasted off Friday to send an unmanned Dragon cargo capsule on its quickest trip yet to the International Space Station, but the company reported a problem with the Dragon in orbit.

The Falcon 9 made a problem-free ascent from its launch pad at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 10:10 a.m. ET. A half-hour after launch, SpaceX's billionaire founder, Elon Musk, said in a Twitter update that controllers were looking into a technical issue involving the capsule's thrusters.

"Issue with Dragon thruster pods," Musk wrote. "System inhibiting three of four [pods] from initializing. About to command inhibit override."

The thruster snag forced a delay in deploying the Dragon's power-generating solar arrays. "Holding on solar array deployment until at least two thruster pods are active," Musk said in a follow-up tweet. The Dragon can remain on battery power for 18 hours after launch.

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Musk said the command to override the Dragon's onboard system and initialize the thruster pods was being issued?during the capsule's pass over a ground station in Australia. A news briefing is planned for later Friday to discuss the status of what's expected to be a three-week resupply mission.?

This is the third Dragon flight to the station: The first one, which took place last May, was a demonstration flight aimed at proving that California-based SpaceX could safely reach the space station, get hooked up, and then descend again to a splashdown. Last October's second flight marked the first of what's expected to be 12 resupply missions to the station, under the terms of a $1.6 billion contract with NASA.

Those earlier flights required a couple of days for the approach to the space station, but due to a favorable orbital geometry, this Dragon could reach the station as early as 6:30 a.m. Saturday. NASA and SpaceX said the sequence of engine burns required to get to the station might have to be modified due to the pod-initialization problem ? and that could affect the schedule.

When the Dragon comes within 10 meters (33 feet) of the space station, the astronauts will use the station's robotic arm to grab the capsule and pull it in to a port on the orbital outpost's Harmony module.

This Dragon holds more than 2,300 pounds (1,050 kilograms) of cargo, including experiments to study the growth of plants and mouse stem cells in zero-G. There are also spare parts for the station's air-recycling system, and?a research freezer for preserving biological samples.

A similar freezer was loaded up with ice cream treats for the crew for last October's resupply mission, but this time, the goodies packed on the Dragon will be "a little bit healthier," SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said. Although she wasn't specific about what the space station's six residents would be getting, she said the treats were coming fresh from an orchard owned by the father of one of SpaceX's employees.

The astronauts are due to open up the Dragon on Sunday. It will take about three weeks to unload the craft, then load it up with more than 3,000 punds (1,370 kilograms) of cargo for return to Earth. The Dragon is due to be unberthed on March 25, and will head down to a Pacific splashdown and recovery.

SpaceX's cargo flights are meant to fill the gap left by the retirement of NASA's space shuttle fleet in 2011. Another company, Orbital Science Corp., has a separate NASA contract to begin deliveries to the space station later this year. Cargo can also be delivered to the space station on Russian, Japanese and European transports, but only SpaceX currently has the capability to bring cargo back down.

SpaceX and two other companies, Sierra Nevada Corp. and the Boeing Co., are developing crew-capable spacecraft under a separate NASA program. Those spaceships could be ready for NASA's use as early as 2017. In the meantime, U.S. astronauts have to ride on Russian Soyuz capsules at a cost of about $60 million per seat.

More about SpaceX:

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Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the?Cosmic Log?community by "liking" the log's?Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space,?sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

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This story was originally published on Fri Mar 1, 2013 10:01 AM EST

Source: http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/01/17146712-spacexs-falcon-blasts-off-sending-dragon-cargo-ship-to-space-station?lite

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Somali president offers amnesty to pirates | Morocco World News

MOGADISHU,February 28, 2013(AFP)

Somalia?s president has offered an amnesty to young pirates in a bid to end attacks off the Horn of Africa nation?s coast, he told AFP.

We have been negotiating with the pirates indirectly through the elders,? said President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. ?Piracy has to end?.

Mohamud, elected by lawmakers six months ago, said that he wanted to offer an ?alternative means of earning a living? to young Somalis who have taken up the gun to join pirate gangs.

However, Mohamud said that the amnesty was not open to pirate kingpins ? those who take the vast majority of the profits from the attacks ? some of whom are wanted by Interpol.

?We are not giving them amnesty, amnesty is for the boys,? he said.

Somalia has been ravaged by conflict since 1991 but a new UN-backed government took power in September, ending eight years of transitional rule by a corruption-riddled administration.

Large parts of Somalia have been carved up by rival militia forces who have developed autonomous regions that pay little, if any, heed to the weak central government.

Many of the most notorious pirates are based along the northern coastline of the semi-autonomous Puntland region.

Source: http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/02/80378/somali-president-offers-amnesty-to-pirates/

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Wool, Gathering

You can also listen to this article.

When bookstore employee and indie author Hugh Howey published his short story ?Wool? as a 99-cent e-book on Amazon in July of 2011, he wasn?t banking on the story transforming his career. He didn?t even post a link to the story on his own website. But ?Wool,? about a post-apocalyptic future in which society has been forced to live underground in a vast silo, quickly became the most popular thing he had ever written. By the end of October, the story had made it on the Kindle sci-fi best-seller list. Howey started to get emails from readers asking him for the rest of the story. There was no rest of the story, so Howey decided to write it.

By January 2012, Howey had self-published five serial stories about that underground silo and collected all five into an ebook, the Wool Omnibus. Even as the Omnibus landed on the New York Times best-seller list in the summer of 2012 , Howey kept churning out prequels. And by the end of 2012, Howey had negotiated sweetheart deals with major publishing houses to release print editions of Wool worldwide and had even optioned the film rights to Ridley Scott. Simon and Schuster releases Wool, a print edition of the Wool Omnibus, this month.

Howey?s self-publishing Cinderella story is so compelling that it often becomes the media story about Wool. But way more fascinating than that is the way the world of Wool reflects our own world?and how Howey?s interactions with readers are overturning the traditional relationship between an author, his creations, and his audience.

As Wool opens, Holston, the sheriff of the silo, is being sent to ?cleaning,? a punishment that takes him to the toxic surface to scrub the sensors that project a view of the world above to the silo below. The description of the view is one of the only clues Howey provides about the world before the silo was created. It?s a ?familiar and rotting skyline? in which ?ancient glass and steel stood distantly where people, it was suspected, had once lived aboveground.? Like his wife, who had been sent to cleaning three years prior, Holston had committed the worst sin imaginable in the silo: asking to go outside. In Wool, cleaning is both death sentence and human sacrifice: The pressure felt by thousands of people underground grows ?like steam building up in the silo, ready to launch something out? and is transferred to one person, purged in an act conceived to remind the community that their silo is a shelter, not a prison.

Of course, the silo feels like both, and that tension is at the heart of Wool. Holston?s cleaning sets off a chain of events that transition the action from short story to serial novel. Soon, the mayor of the silo needs to appoint a new sheriff and selects a smart and strong-willed candidate from the silo?s mechanical department named Juliette. Juliette becomes obsessed with figuring out Holston?s motivations, and her subsequent determination to uncover the truth about the silo?s history and who?s really in control of it (which I won?t reveal here) creates the powder keg for an uprising within the silo. The escalation of anger to fissures within the silo and then finally to conflict is rendered deftly, and the pace at which Howey reveals the inner workings of the world of the silo makes Wool a page-turner.

The intrigue of Wool (the title comes from the scrubbers used by people sent to clean the sensors on the surface) is enjoyable and thought-provoking, but it?s how Howey borrows from our present that really makes Wool resonate with readers. In many ways, the silo is a triumph of human survival and sustainability. It?s an energy-independent community with 100 percent employment and universal access to education and health care. But it?s also a carefully designed system with zero population growth, a lack of media, and social stratification created by the architecture of the silo itself. More than 100 floors deep and connected by only a narrow circular staircase, the silo is designed to limit mobility and communication, separating the mechanical department at the bottom, the mayor and sheriff up top, and the IT department as far away from both of them as possible. Readers? fascination of Wool is powered not by the novelty of the silo, but the frightening familiarity of it. While most post-apocalyptic fiction invites us to imagine how civilization might evolve after the world as we know it ends, Wool instead invites us to imagine what it might take?and what the costs might be?to prevent civilization from ever evolving beyond where we are right now.

Howey also taps into many of our current anxieties. Who controls the flow of information to all of our screens? How much privacy and control are we willing to give up to ensure domestic security? And how much good will it do to know the truth if you can?t change the system? It?s this last question that fuels uprising in the silo. Knox, the head of Mechanical who rallies his colleagues and others to revolt, explains why his anger compels him to violence: ?I only want to hurt those that lied,? he says. ?That?s all any of us want. We?ve all lived in fear. Fear of the outside. Fear of cleaning. Afraid to even talk about a better world. And none of it was true. The system was rigged, and in a way to make us hang our heads and take it.? Being in the silo is like living in a world where the decisions were made a long time ago by people you didn?t vote for. Sound familiar?

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=eae5b980f764c7d6df57d74b93386569

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Which 'American Idol' Star Had a Baby?

Justin and wife Reina welcome baby Asher! Plus, see more stars who welcomed new bundles of joy

Source: http://www.ivillage.com/celebrity-babies-2011/1-b-16266?dst=iv%3AiVillage%3Acelebrity-babies-2011-16266

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